| Host layers | 7 | Application | Data | | HTTP/S | DNS, WebSocket | Browser, curl | |  | High-level protocols such as for resource sharing or remote file access, e.g. HTTP. | |
| 6 | Presentation | | | SSL/TLS | | | |  | Translation of data between a networking service and an application; including character encoding, data compression and encryption/decryption | |
| 5 | Session | | | Sockets | NFS | | | | Managing communication sessions, i.e., continuous exchange of information in the form of multiple back-and-forth transmissions between two nodes | |
| 4 | Transport | Segment, Datagram |  | TCP, UDP | QUIC | Internet Socket 1 (OS) | |  | Reliable transmission of data segments between points on a network, including segmentation, acknowledgement and multiplexing | Where will the data goes? |
| Media layers | 3 | Network | Packet |  | IP, IPv6, IPSec, ICMP | | | Router |  | Structuring and managing a multi-node network, including addressing, routing and traffic control | How the data goes to the final network? Which physical path the data will take? |
| 2 | Data link | Frame |  | PPP | MAC, Ethernet, Wifi, ARP, IEEE 802.1Q, 802.1AD (QinQ) (VLAN) | | Switch | | Transmission of data frames between two nodes connected by a physical layer | How the data goes inside local network? Two devices on the same network. |
| 1 | Physical | Bit |  | | RS232, Bluetooth | | NIC, Hub |  | Transmission and reception of raw bit streams over a physical medium | How the bits goes? Raw bit stream over ethernet cable, optical fibre, Wifi… |
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