Linux commands and their modern versions

Read file

Command	Usage	Example	Note
`od`	Display file contents in octal, decimal or hexadecimal format.	`od --format=x1 --address-radix=x path/to/file`	`000000 41 42 43 44 61 62 63 64 31 32 33 34`
	Optionally display the byte offsets and/or printable representation for each line.
`xxd`	Create a hexadecimal representation (hexdump) from a binary file,	`xxd path/to/file`	`00000000: 4142 4344 6162 6364 3132 3334 ABCDabcd1234`
	or vice-versa.
`hexyl`	A simple hex viewer for the terminal.	`hexyl path/to/file`	`│00000000│ 41 42 43 44 61 62 63 64 ┊ 31 32 33 34 │ABCDabcd┊1234 │`
	Uses colored output to distinguish different categories of bytes.

note

Copy & paste examples

echo ABCDabcd1234 | od --format=x1 --address-radix=x

echo ABCDabcd1234 | xxd

echo ABCDabcd1234 | hexyl

tip

The extra value of 0a (at the end) is the ASCII code for LF (LineFeed), which is the newline on many systems¹.